Cells-In-Frames mechanism proposed by CIT in 1996 is an efficient way Local Area NETWORK-ATM NETWORK INTERCONNECTION. According to this mechanism, connection oriented services are supported by connectionless UN workstations. In this technique ATM cells are carried by LAN frames. Each frame may include one or more A TM cells, but any given LAN frame is associated with only one ATM virtual circuit. There have not been any careful studies of Cells-In-Frames behavior since its proposal in 1996. In this paper the Cell-In-Frames mechanism for Ethenet LAN-ATM NETWORK INTERCONNECTION is first implemented, then its performance for data transmission is studied from various points of views in order to highlight its strong and weak points. Finally a novel technique which greatly improves its performance is introduced. The simulation studies show that the new technique offers significant improvements at a very little hardware and software extra cost.

One of the important issues in the message passing multiprocessors is the routing method. With the increase in the number of processors in these systems the probability of fault increases and the use of fault tolerant routing is inevitable. The classical fault tolerant routing schemes that have been used in the Mesh INTERCONNECTION NETWORKs generally use the local information. This is because the local occupies less space and then the routing would require less computational efforts. With the today's technology, obtaining a memory for the global information on the INTERCONNECTION faults is not difficult. But still, the amount of computational processes is an obstacle for using the global information in the fault tolerant routing. In this paper a new scheme, which is called the arc analysis, is introduced for the fault tolerant routing purposes in the Mesh INTERCONNECTION NETWORKs. This new scheme, which uses global information, is capable of finding paths with the average shorter length than the classical algorithms.

This paper presents a fault tolerant routing algorithm for the star graph. The suggested algorithm is based on the concept of unsafety vectors, originally proposed for hypercubes. In this algorithm, each node starts by computing a first level unsafety set, composed of the set of unreachable neighbors. It then performs some exchanges with its neighbors to determine the unsafety nodes. After that, all nodes have the addresses of all faulty nodes. Based on the information gathered in each node, fault tolerant routing between a source node and a destination node is realized. We conducted a performance comparison between the star and hypercube graph using the unsafety vectors routing algorithm under different working conditions. The results obtained through simulation experiments reveal that the hypercube is of superior performance compared to the star graph in the presence of low fault rates. But its performance under high fault rates falls short of that of the star graph.  

In this paper, we present two important topics indirectly related to the design and simulated analysis of NETWORK-on-Chip (NoC) architectures. In order to enhance the performance of the baseline router to achieve maximum throughput, a new parallel buffer architecture and its management scheme are introduced. By adopting an adjustable architecture that integrates a parallel buffer with each incoming port, the design complexity and its utilization can be optimized. By utilizing simulation-based performance evaluation and comparison with previous NoC architectures, its efficiency and superiority are proven. One of the key areas of research addressed in this work is to find more realistic traffic models in order to properly test the buffer management schemes proposed in this work. Therefore, we introduce a generic traffic model for on-chip INTERCONNECTION NETWORKs that is superior to previous techniques for NoC architectural performance evaluation. Our traffic model is based on three empirically-derived statistical characteristics using temporal and spatial distributions. With captured parameters, accurate traffic patterns can be generated recursively to show similar statistical characteristics of the observed on-chip NETWORKs.

In this research we present the novel designs for high speed INTERCONNECTION NETWORKs. Despite classical INTERCONNECTION NETWORKs, in these design two and three processing elements can communicate in the same time on the same line. The designs comprise simple elements like MOSCAPs. It enjoys very high speed and consumes low chip area. Even if in the first glance it seems complicated to be realized in real VLSI but using MOSCAPs results in simple realization of the overall circuit as well as achieving very high speed. The simulation results confirm that the voltage mode MVL INTERCONNECTION NETWORK has achieved simultaneous data transfer, and the static power consumption and delay has been improved. According to the subthreshold characteristics of 180 nm technology compare to 65nm, the mean delay of the proposed structures in 180 nm is lower than 65 nm.The results show that the delay and power consumption in INTERCONNECTION NETWORKs with two processing elements using wires compared to DC-2 approach in 65 nm technology are decreased respectively from 500.0126×10-6 to 159.9667 ×10-12 and 3.422×10-9 to 178.1493×10-15 . Due to the capability of simultaneous communication by defined voltage levels, , there is significant improvement on the performance characteristics, such as transmission delay and power consumption.The results of this study can be used to enhance the security of information and communication technology systems, organization and business equipment of future generations of security systems.

Research Problem: Sustainable communication among the three elements of man, nature and architecture is an issue that most architects and researchers have sought to realize since the emergence of environmental and cultural problems created by modern architecture. What is considered in this paper is the ability to communicate correctly and efficiently between these three elements using the creation of INTERCONNECTION spaces. By connecting and detaching, mentally and objectively, the INTERCONNECTION leads to the proper connection of the body components with the design context. This element helps to unify the texture while helping to understand each space separately, by defining the hierarchy. Forming this relationship properly and appropriately can help sustain an architectural work. This feature in INTERCONNECTION doubles the importance of considering it in designing. Research Question: Howmuch can INTERCONNECTION spaces contribute to achieve sustainable architecture? Which design solutions can lead to sustainable architecture? Research Method: the method used in this paper is a descriptive-analytical way. Therefore, indicators of sustainable architecture and INTERCONNECTION space are introduced to investigate the impact of INTERCONNECTION spaces on the realization of sustainable architecture. In the present study, by identifying multi-dimensional features of INTERCONNECTIONs and adapting them to sustainable architectural indicators, the effective communication of these two concepts have been discussed. Since Mosques are one of the prominent uses of Islamic monuments in Iranian architecture, which has always been regarded as the core of Islamic cities because of their sustainable connection to the context, in this study, the mosque is examined as an example of interconnecting spaces that has led to its comprehensive connection with the context. Hence spaces such as ‘Jolokhan’, porch (Eyvan), Hashti, Revagh, and yard which create the connection and detachment of the mosque with its context are introduced exactly and in a period of time can be a pattern for Iranian architecture. The Most Important Results and Conclusion: INTERCONNECTION can play a role in all scales of design, from the micro to the macro, from structure to architecture, from voluminous concepts to details and decorations. Since one of the pillars of sustainability is the proper connection to the field-from various cultural, social, environmental, economic-aspects, with the correct design and proper alignment of the INTERCONNECTIONs, this connection can be properly formed and ultimately have a lasting effect. In order to summarize the proposed contents, solutions have been provided that generally refer to the characteristic of the INTERCONNECTION wall or the creation of INTERCONNECTION space which can be defined and experienced, including the attention to open and semi-open spaces to communicate flexibility of design and to reach a wider range of audiences, employing past successful patterns in space design, using technological or local methods for wall design, considering the maximum use of spaces and avoiding energy wastage for proper communication between design components and context through the creation of INTERCONNECTION space. These solutions can be implemented in different designs and in different forms and at different scales by comparing the design of sustainable mosques and the aforementioned solutions, we can say that due to the different aspects of sustainability in providing these solutions, considering them in the design process, sustainable architecture goals in other uses can be achieved to a great extent.

The general moral principles express universal values from which other values are derived. Many disagreements as to ethical theories have their roots in the kind of explanation given for these principles. There are six general moral principles (perfection, freedom, do-not-harm, public interests, desert, and justice) interconnected in such a way that none of them can be justified without explaining their relation to others. The principle of perfection ethically requires one to attain material and immaterial perfections. Freedom to achieve middle and final aims is defended by the principle of freedom based on principle of perfection. The limits of the principle of freedom are shown by the principle of do-not-harm. The principle of public interests helps people not to be deprived of public interests. Public interests are allocated by the principle of desert on strong grounds. Finally, harmony and balance among other principles are preserved by the principle of justice. Explaining general normative principles, this article aims to show their INTERCONNECTION from an Islamic standpoint by adopting a descriptive-analytic method.

Today, the social dimensions of urban space are more than ever considered by planners, and it is important to find the connection between spatial qualities and social concepts. Therefore, the theoretical basis of the present study was the desirability survey of people -space in informal settlements of Zanjan City, with its empowerment approach. Regarding the subject area and dimensions of the problem, the study was an applied one in objectives and descriptive-analytical in nature and is based on a future research approach. The results showed that social driving was an indisputable condition of people-space integration and empowerment of informal settlements in Zanjan. Intervening in this area will face serious problems to improve the quality of life and achieve sustainable development goals.